Out of all 3 products, Ollys Regular Strength Sleep gummies are the only ones that are third-party tested. We review published medical research in respected scientific journals to arrive at our conclusions about a product or health topic. Other organics have tranquilizing properties, which help you sleep and also relax and calm you. $8.99. While chamomile may hold promise for improved sleep in the short term for certain populations, the long-term benefits are still unknown for the general public. SugarBear Sleep are vegan, soy-free, gluten-free, cruelty-free gummy vitamins that you can enjoy! We work with reputable suppliers to source the highest quality gelatin available, however, we do not currently have Ethically Sourced Certification. Genuineness of Nature Vegan Gummy Melatonin (10mg, 70 count). Remember, most of their sleep gummies are made for adults. FAQs: Consumer Questions & Answers Apart from these key ingredients, Olly Sleep Gummies are sweetened with glucose syrup and beet sugar. The secret sauce behind Olly Sleep Gummies effectiveness comes from its unique combination of ingredients. These gummies are meant to hush that to-do list in your head and catch some much-needed Zs. There are a few possible side effects to note regarding Olly Sleep Gummies supplements, which we broke down between the adult and kids versions: The serving size is 2 gummies or 2 softgels per day. Needs 10 More Gummies. OLLY IMMUNITY SLEEP+ELDERBERRY, Soothing Lemon, 10 Stick pack - $13.39. Its a natural alternative to a common problem that people often try to solve with medication. It is roughly equivalent to eating about 5-10 raisins or drinking an eighth of a cup of apple juice. There are ingredients which raise levels of key mood neurotransmitters including dopamine, GABA, and serotonin. Our editorial team is made up of registered dietitians and medical doctors. Doses of melatonin range from 0.510 mg in supplements. VitaPost Sleep Support Plus | Best Sleep Support Supplement. What Are The Benefits Of Olly Sleep Gummies? Unfortunately, Olly does not ship internationally yet. Goli vs Olly vs HUM: Which Is The Best Online Dietary - Fin Vs Fin if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'sleepflawless_com-leader-2','ezslot_8',116,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-sleepflawless_com-leader-2-0');L-Theanine has an LD50 of over 5000mg/kg in rats. 100% DRUG-FREE SLEEP AID (1): . Ingredients and their dosages are all based on the latest clinical research and scientific studies. Ive been taking them religiously ever since! Follow. Please see our Medical Disclaimer for more information. Currently, Olly Sleep Gummies are only shipped within the US using UPS, with free shipping on orders over $59. You should get a full refund. Olly Extra Strength Sleep Fast Dissolve Vegan Tablets - 30ct $10.99When purchased online In Stock Add to cart About this item At a glance Vegan Highlights Non-habit forming and 100% drug-free: Melatonin (5 mg per serving) helps regulate your body's internal clock to promote healthy sleep cycles. If you arent satisfied with your Olly gummies for any reason, you can return within 30 days of your purchase for a full refund on opened or unopened bottles only when purchased through the official website. There will be shipping costs associated with returning the gummies. Yes, these gummies are gluten-free. Lemon balm has been investigated for its sleep-inducing properties for both adults and children. Great Sleep Is . Olly Sleep Dissolves | 30 Ct. | Sleep Aids | Hannaford 61% of the ratings on Influenster are 5/5 stars, with most customers here mentioning that it knocked them out, tasted like candy, and made them fall asleep quickly and stay asleep. So rest assured that you will not overdose. Proper recommends taking two capsules with water about 30-40 minutes before bedtime, but you should speak to your doctor before trying them for the first time. A: The recommended dosage is 2 gummies half an hour before you sleep. Appearing to be more like a candy than a supplement, they come in a round, gummy shape bursting with a natural blackberry flavor. and check out those references. They are also sold at most major retailers such as Amazon, Walmart, Target, or Sams Club. Olly Vitamins Review - Must Read This Before Buying - Honest Brand Reviews How To Make Vegan Cbd Gummies what Works Better For Sleep Cbd Gummies L-theanine and the doses of other ingredients in Olly Sleep products are much lower than those shown in studies to produce a calm, relaxed mood. The feedback form on this page can be used to report content that is not accurate, up-to-date or questionable in any manner. Stay up to date with the latest health information from experts/contributors at Consumer Health Digest. I also had a good long sleep. . We know that the right blend of nutrients can help us stay strong, balanced and energetic. DETOXIFY & SUPPORT A HEALTHY GUT: Relieve digestive issues, support a healthy metabolism, experience more energy, improve complexion, and feel good as your body detoxes with delicious, vitamin-enriched Flat Tummy Gummies. Do Olly's Restful Sleep Gummies Work? I Put Them To The Test This formula contains only organic substances and has no harmful chemical or artificial fillers or extracts. Olly Sleep Dissolves found at Hannaford Supermarket. Magnesium is a mineral that may support more restful sleep. Ritika is a Holistic Nutritionist based in Toronto, Canada. Unfortunately, these gummies are not vegan as they contain gelatin. Please consult your healthcare provider with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition. I tried Olly Sleep Gummies but got no results. Best Melatonin Supplements of 2023 - Sleep Foundation These ingredients have been chosen by Olly to boost your immune system with antioxidants, lower your stress and anxiety, and ultimately improve your sleep quality. Ive been using them for a few months now and I couldnt be happier with the results! * Olly beat the bloat side effects - kuhhd.wikinger-turnier.de We deliver quality Inflora Botanica products at best prices at your doorstep. This could be due to stress or anxiety, various lifestyle factors, genetics, or medical reasons. (23). This may also be a way that L-theanine can protect brain cells against stress and age-related damage. Regarding the other ingredients present, there is a lack of research specifically done on a safe dose for children. Youll only be hearing from our experts. This excerpt from psychology today explains the beneficial effects of L-Theanine very well. So remember: dont take them if you have a new baby in the house and are responsible for night feedings! Olly Sleep Gummies. Olly Sleep gummies are unique on this list because they don't just contain melatonin. Those who drank the beverage containing L-theanine had lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol in their body. Vegans can enjoy Miss Mellow, Cleansing Cranberry, Combat Cravings, and Happy Hoo-Ha. However, this is a significantly higher dose than what is present in Olly Kids Sleep gummies. Either way, a lack of good quality sleep can profoundly impact the quality of life for adults. Best Vegan Sleep Aids - The Human Memory I had tried giving melatonin to my 6-year-old son in the past when we were going through a difficult sleep stage. Meanwhile for melatonin 800mg/kg would still not be a lethal dose for humans or rats. There have been many studies which evaluate the effects on sleep; stating that both active ingredients (Melatonin and L-Theanine) have had with some success with encouraging sleep. The Softgel version is a bit stronger in its stress-reduction effects because it contains an additional ingredient Ashwagandha. ULTA Beauty Logo OLLY Sleep Gummies Review The Gummy Galaxy Which melatonin gummies are vegan? The Olly Extra Strength Sleep vitamin is a mix of active ingredients containing melatonin, L-theanine, and botanicals to help you feel relaxed so you can get a good night's sleep. Comparison of Best Melatonin Gummies For Kids Top Picks 2023 Reviews You can also drag and drop the file into the provided field. I love these gummies, I take them everyday. Strong clinical evidence for improved sleep quality, Lower stress and an improved state of relaxation. Promotes calm and relaxation . Well, I myself wondered the same question a few months ago when I first started using them, and I was surprised by the lack of information I could find. They also may not be safe during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. So should you try these Olly Sleep Gummies? Here are the ingredient doses per one serving (2 softgels): Magnesium is an important mineral that serves many functions in the body. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease and should not be relied upon as a medical advice. Beli OLLY IMMUNITY SLEEP + ELDERBERRY Rest Up & Recharge Gummies - 36 Gum exp 6/23 di Elsajoishop. For adults taking Olly Sleep Gummies, your body will enter a calm, soothed, relaxed state of being. The amount of lemon balm present in Olly Kids Sleep gummies is also much lower than what has been given in research studies. A: The manufacturer has a 30-day return policy for products purchased on the official site. Two gummies are 15 calories. That's why Olly is the best gummy multivitamin for women. The gummies contain 3 mg of melatonin and 200 mg of L-Theanine in the recommended dosage of two gummies before bed for an adult. Disclosure of Material connection: Some of the links in the post above are "associate sales links." Olly is a popular gummy supplement brand with multiple product lines for both adults and children. The serving size suggestion for all their sleep products is 12 gummies per day 30 minutes before bedtime, depending on the product. Those taking melatonin experienced improved sleep and better behavior. A retired dentist, Ritika found her passion for health and wellness after the birth of her two sons. It contains many of the same ingredients, such as melatonin, passionflower, chamomile, and magnesium. Required fields are marked *. (15), Another 2017 study involving older adults found that those taking 400 mg of chamomile daily (total 800 mg) had significant improvements in sleep. They're safe, and there are no Olly Sleep gummies side effects associated with taking this supplement. OLLY Heavenly Hair Gummies, Supports Strong Healthy Hair Growth, Keratin, Biotin, Amla, Grapefruit Flavor, 30 Day Supply - 60 Count. It is blackberry flavored and gets its colors from carrot and blueberry juices. The information contained in this website is provided for general informational purposes only. You may not like the taste of these gummies. Medterra Sleep Tight Gummies. Meaning that if we do the same calculations, 62kg*5000mg/kg = 310 grams of L-Theanine or equal to about 775 gummies, almost 16 entire bottles. The Olly Sleep gummies contain 3mg of melatonin per serving, which is a pretty standard and solid dose. Private Label Dietary Supplement Gummies Vegan Vitamin And Mineral Bear Gummy Candy Multivitamin Gummies. Proper Sleep Supplements Review: Are They Safe and Effective? This product may cause marked drowsiness. Yes, they are safe. Contains vitamin B6 for improved 5-HTP conversion - Vitamin B6 has been shown to aid 5-HTP conversion. It shouldnt be a surprise that chamomile is also used then. It also has properties which help improve digestive, and in fact gut health symptoms can accompany anxiety [4]. Out of the 4 Olly sleep products, only the Regular Strength Sleep Gummy is third-party tested. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Olly Sleep Gummies Promotions & Discounts, Influence of Dietary Sources of Melatonin on Sleep Quality: A Review, Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Melatonin for Chronic Sleep Onset Insomnia in Children: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial, Anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials, Attenuation of Laboratory-Induced Stress in Humans After Acute Administration of Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm), A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled trial of Oral Matricaria Recutita (Chamomile) Extract therapy of Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Passiflora incarnata L. (Passionflower) extracts elicit GABA currents in hippocampal neurons in vitro, and show anxiogenic and anticonvulsant effects in vivo, varying with extraction method. Rae. Olly Sleep Gummies are a supplement claimed to boost your natural sleep hormones and promote a healthy sleep cycle. We may earn a commission when you make a purchase through the links on this page. Inexpensive. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'sleepflawless_com-box-4','ezslot_11',108,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-sleepflawless_com-box-4-0');The main difference between Olly Restful Sleep Gummies and Melatonin is the additional active ingredient L-Theanine. Melatonin can also be made from microorganisms. We only use peer-reviewed journals and reputable medical sources to form our conclusions and recommendations. (26). You should take two Olly Sleep Gummies half an hour before you go to sleep. Copyrights 2003-2023 All Rights Reserved. Do not take more than the maximum dosage for any reason. Such a waste of money. Olly Sleep comes in gummy form, and it has a blackberry and mint flavor. Better Mornings. You can save 15% directly on the Olly website by signing up for their subscribe-and-save program. * . Thanks. 10 Evidence-Based Tips for Sleeping Better at Night. Color (from purple carrot, black carrot, blueberry), Vegetable Oil and Carnauba Wax (for anti-sticking). (13). If youre thinking about taking this supplement or purchasing it for your child, always check with a medical professional to determine the risks versus benefits. 3mg of Melatonin, this sleepy time superstar ingredient works with your body to help you fall asleep and stay asleep*. A study in the Journal of Education and Health Promotion found that chamomile induced sleep in elderly patients [5]. L-theanine, as shown in this study[3], also acts as an anti-anxiety supplement and antidepressant. These gummies can strengthen the immune system. The entire line of Modern Women's Wellness capsules is vegetarian. OLLY Extra Strength Sleep Gummy, Occasional Sleep Support, 5 mg (28). FAQ: About OLLY Gummy Vitamins & Supplements | OLLY Canada Please note that you cannot upload a file that is larger than 2MB. Considering herself as a lifelong student, Ritika then pursued further trainings in Holistic nutrition as well as Yoga. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'sleepflawless_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_4',117,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-sleepflawless_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0');I find it usually beneficial to take melatonin (and products containing it) two weeks on and two weeks off. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Melatonin alone could help you fall asleep as it has been well vetted by the medical community and proven to help you adjust your sleep-wake cycles. There is limited research on some of the ingredients in Olly Sleep Gummies for Kids. This means that it received a seal of approval from a reputable company that sets high safety and quality standards. Regarding lemon balm in children, most of the research has been done on both lemon balm and valerian root together, not lemon balm alone. 19. These contain a much lower dose of the ingredients used in the original gummies. One customer summed it up well: It tasted good and make me feel tired quickly. There is also: Looking for something stronger? Each gummy contains three milligrams of melatonin. Zammex melatonin gummies sleep aid supplements are made with clean ingredients for restful sleep.Our melatonin gummies help you Fall Asleep Faster, Stay Asleep Longer, and Wake Up Refreshed & Rested.100% drug free& vegan: Nighttime sleep aid, NON-Habit Forming, a Clean and Natural way to promote restful sleep, zero gelatin, animal products, gluten, soy, eggs or dairy, Non-GMO, paleo friendly . Please let usknow how wecanimprove this article byselecting your concern below. Shop Recess Mood Infused Blood Orange Sparkling Water 12oz Can Alternatives and more with Gopuff delivery. Olly Sleep Gummies Review: Cost, Ingredients and Effectiveness The .gov means it's official. The factory where they produce Olly Sleep melatonin gummy products has allergens like soy, wheat, and peanuts. (7). They contain 3g of carbohydrates, including 2g of added sugars, and under 1g of protein. Ships Free With CarePassTM or with $35+ orders Out of Stock + 2 options ZzzQuil PURE Zzzs Triple Action Gummy Melatonin Sleep-Aid with Ashwagandha, 6mg per Serving ZzzQuil 111 $19.49 - 46.4 / ea. You can also refer a friend to earn $5 in points, giving them $5 off when their first purchase of over $75. (9), Another 2014 large systematic review involving 35 studies investigated the benefits of melatonin on sleep. SleepFlawless is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. 2005; 9(1): 25-39, Pereira N, Naufel MF, Ribeiro E, Tufik S, Hachul H. Hidese S, Ogawa S, Ota M, Ishida I, Yasukawa Z, Okeli M, Kunugi H. Smits MG, Nagtegaal EE, Heijden J, Coenen A, Kerkhof G. Brain, Behaviour and Immunity. Home - OLLY Public Benefit Corporation Carpentieri A, Barboza G, Areco V, Lopez M P, Talamoni N. Pharmacological Research. We Asked 20 Hotels! Olly Sleep Gummies Review - Must Read This Before Buying Many melatonin pills and capsules are not suitable for vegans because they contain animal-derived ingredients such as melatonin extract. Olly has a strong partnership with the JED Foundation, an organization dedicated to emotional health and suicide prevention in teens and young adults. However, you can start with one and see its effects if you want to take it slow. (11). In addition, the company follows strict safety procedures in manufacturing. Passionflower should not be given during pregnancy, as it may stimulate uterine contractions. The dose of magnesium given in most studies ranges from 250600 mg per day. This company makes vitamins and supplements to promote health benefits. Looking to relax and calm your nerves after a long and tiring day? Melatonin Gummies by Natrol are vegetarian, contain no animal products, and dont use gelatin. On the other hand, a 2016 study observed 40 women who had just given birth. The Olly Kids Sleep gummies are specifically formulated for kids ages four years old and up who have trouble falling and staying asleep. Additionally, the low dose present in this product is unlikely to produce any benefit. However, this study was in mice, and so these results may not apply to humans. The good news is that 2 gummies contain only 2g of sugar, which is equal to half a teaspoon of granulated sugar. Olly Extra Strength Sleep Fast Dissolve Vegan Tablets - 30ct Supports mood and rest - We supplemented 200mg of pure 5-HTP with 20mg of SAMe and 20mg of L Tryptophan to optimize 5-HTP conversion and support stress levels in the body. It would be more powerful with additional botanicals. FOR SALE! A study in PLOS Medicine found that melatonin improved quality of sleep and also helped with sleep-wake scheduling [1]. We follow a strict editorial policy, especially related to the sources we use. Olly offers 4 main gummy products for sleep: The company claims that their sleep products can help regulate your sleep cycle, support a calm and relaxed mood, and help soothe and relax the mind. Som Sleep | Better Sleep. A 2011 study on L-theanine was done involving 98 male children with ADHD. But it is a general rule of thumb to consult your doctor before taking any type of medicine, even supplements. However, this dose of 800 mg is much higher than the 17 mg dose present in Olly Sleep Gummies. This is an herb in the same family as mint, which can raise levels of the neurotransmitter GABA in the brain and therefore decrease anxiety. The Olly Sleep ingredients include melatonin, which is a hormone made naturally in the pineal gland of the brain. Sleep Medicine Reviews. What Is In Olly Stress Gummies - StressTalk.net If you live in the US, you can reach them using these methods: Your email address will not be published. As you dont want your body to grow accustomed to always taking it in pill form, instead of producing it on its own. This Olly Sleep Gummies review will go over its ingredients, benefits, possible downsides, customer ratings, promotions, and all other details you need before deciding if this is the right product for you. Olly Sleep is a high-quality product which includes only naturally-sourced ingredients. I used Zarbees Naturals Childrens Sleep, which contains 3 mg of melatonin. The gummies have a very pleasant taste and chew to them. Supports metabolism & lean body mass* $19.99 Learn More . Olly's goal is to make healthy food more accessible so that everyone can live a long, happy life. Especially if you are looking for something more than the basic version. (14). OLLY gummies either contain beef or pork gelatin. Olly Sleep is a high-quality product which includes only naturally-sourced ingredients. If you experience any of these side effects, be comforted in knowing that they usually stop once you stop taking the gummies. Naturally flavored Blackberry Zen with a fresh hint of mint. For comparison, Arsenic (a common poison) has an LD50 of 15 mg/kg, meaning that if a population of adult rats weighing 500 grams each (defiantly on the higher end) were given 7.5 mg of arsenic, then half of the population would die. I bought Olly Sleep Gummies since I was having trouble sleeping. Theres only one flavor option available. Olly Sleep is an organic gummy product which promotes faster and better quality sleep, as well as relaxing and calming the mind. Energy pills called Olly Daily Energy Gummies are made for people who experience chronic weariness. Olly Immunity Sleep + Elderberry Rest Up & Recharge 36 gummies Exp 6/2023 I fell in love with the topic, and decided to further expand the site by adding even more articles, so I can help even more people. This is also a testament to Ollys great customer service. (24), In another 2012 randomized trial, children with neurological disorders such as ADHD received various doses of melatonin at 0.512 mg per day. You can click on the numbers in the parentheses (1, 2, etc.) However, the dose of 100 mg in this product may not be enough to produce these benefits. Some researchers have recommended this plant in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders [6]. The serving size of these is two gummies per day. Order in seconds, delivered in minutes. If you read through the Olly Sleep reviews, it becomes clear that the majority of users found this product to be highly effective. Olly Sleep is a blackberry mint-flavored gummy product made of natural ingredients. The gummies also have antioxidants that help you feel relaxed. Updated. Olly Sleep Gummies Reviews: What Do Customers Think? The bottle contains 50 gummies, meaning each bottle almost lasts about a month assuming you take them every day. However, many of them actually woke up earlier, so overall they did not get that much more sleep. 7 months ago. Reported side effects may include headaches, dizziness, or drowsiness in some people who are more sensitive to its effects. These gummies are designed to help you fall asleep and stay asleep. This ensures the highest standard of scientific accuracy. Carlson melatonin gummies are backed by ConsumerLab, making them a good choice. Olly Sleep Gummies is one of their many products helping adults and kids get a restful night of sleep. The gland releases melatonin when its time to sleep, making you drowsy. The strength of the remaining ingredients is the same. On average, one green tea bag contains around 20 mg of L-theanine. (20). Future Kind + Vegan Melatonin . What kind of gelatin is used in OLLY products? As each area improves, youll notice a big difference in your overall well-being. Consequently, they wake up exhausted and irritable. As mentioned on the Olly Sleep Gummies box, it can cause drowsiness so you definitely shouldnt be driving or operating any heavy machinery, or performing any task needing alertness. The berry flavor is truly yummy. With that said, I wouldnt recommend this product because it is not likely to be effective. The ideal dose for passionflower extract has not yet been determined. Some researchers have concerns that since melatonin is a hormone, it may be possible that melatonin supplements could affect hormonal development in children, including puberty and menstruation. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, melatonin appears safe for most children for short-term use. Catering to millennials and being passionate about good health, Olly was founded by single dad and entrepreneur, Eric Ryan in 2013. We have listed all of our products and which type of gelatin they contain. Nine New Bottles of Olly Restful Sleep Gummy Supplements, Blackberry At Vitamin World, we believe in Science, Quality & Trust.Shop OLLY Kids' Multi Worms Gummies and discover the best nutrition the world has to offer at Vitamin World. This leads me to question the effectiveness of both of them. (31). The melatonin dose present in Ollys Regular Strength Sleep Gummies may help regulate sleep cycles and improve sleep quality in some people. Lemon balm extract has most commonly been used to manage anxiety. This formula aims to help you fall asleep more quickly, improves the quality of your sleep, and promotes a healthy sleep cycle. All of their products are produced in facilities that are certified by FDA and NSF, letting you know that they are made with current good manufacturing practices. OLLY EXTRA STRENGTH SLEEP GUMMIES: Powerful Melatonin gummies, with L-Theanine and Botanicals, help boost your natural sleep hormone, mellow your mind and calm your senses so you can relax and enjoy restful sleep . The amount of sugar in a serving of Olly gummies is 2 to 4 grams. Olly Sleep Gummies is an all-natural blackberry-mint flavored supplement which aims to help you fall asleep more quickly and improve the overall quality of your rest. Rooted on the foundation of mental health and happiness, Olly is a health and wellness brand focused on making gummy products using natural ingredients. Melatonin and L-theanine are both known to improve sleep quality and help us fall asleep faster as we discussed above. However, this was a study on mice, and the results may not apply directly to humans. The additional amount in this formula should helps you fall asleep fast, improve sleep quality, and help balance your circadian rhythm. It is believed by many to play a role in promoting calmness and alleviating stress, which can all support a peaceful slumber. These 5mg Melatonin gummies, with L-Theanine and Botanicals like Chamomile and Lemon Balm, help boost your natural sleep hormone and encourage relaxation so . It is very reasonably-priced for the market. Metabolism Gummy Rings. The candies are suitable for vegans, are free of animal products, gluten, and dairy. They are also considered vegan-friendly. (6). According to the Olly website, the Restful Sleep gummies "deliver a unique blend of active ingredients that work together to calm your mind and promote restful sleep so . What sets this product apart is that it comes in the form of delicious tasting chewable gummies which users enjoy much more than a simple supplement. A few features of Olly Sleep gummies include: Has thousands of positive Amazon reviews. (27). How L-theanine worksL-theanine promotes relaxation and facilitates sleep by contributing to a number of changes in the brain: Boosts levels of GABA and other calming brain chemicals. Ollys goal is to make healthy food more accessible so that everyone can live a long, happy life.
Curahealth Hospital Closing,
Rbc Cloudcords Schedule,
Used Sun Dolphin Pro 120 For Sale Near Me,
Jewish Term Of Endearment For A Child,
Anthony Zurcher Partner,
Articles A