Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. Company Reg no: 04489574. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. migration? If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. 214 High Street, Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. Topic guides / When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Roman Catholics . Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. Boston House, He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. 214 High Street, - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Company Reg no: 04489574. Spouse: None. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. Why religious compromise was so difficult. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). The conspirators including Babington were all. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. Spanish invasion plans. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. They began to revolt against the Spanish. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. (*fragmentary*). From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Manage Settings Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. 14-16 / threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. This increased tension between England and Spain. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. 2) This war was not a success. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. to answer the Section Focus Question: The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Born: 7 September 1533. LS23 6AD France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. Why was France a threat? Boston Spa, I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Use your outline Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Those who refused this were sent to prison. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Apply for student finance without a bank account? Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. First English colony in Virginia established. Norfolk was killed in 1572. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. Died: 24 March 1603. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World).